This Constitutional Design Primer from International IDEA discusses the reasons for bicameralism, and different options concerning the composition and powers of a second chamber (also available in Spanish, Arabic and Myanmar language from the International IDEA website).

This Constitution Building Primer from International IDEA explains the legislative initiative and agenda-setting powers that allow presidents to exercise political leadership, for example enabling them to propose legislation, control the legislative agenda and issue decrees (also available in Spanish from the International IDEA website).

This Constitution Building Primer from International IDEA explains the constitutional rules for direct election of presidents in systems where president exercise executive power (available also in Spanish on the International IDEA website)

This Constitutional Design Primer from International IDEA explains the constitutional roles and responsibilities of monarchs in parliamentary democracies (available also in Arabic on the International IDEA website)

This Constitutional Design Primer from International IDEA discusses rules for the selection and removal of governments in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems.

A study of recent constitutional jurisprudence on gender equality and women’s empowerment, published by UNWOMEN and International IDEA.

This assessment from International IDEA helps users analyse a constitutional text for the perspective of the substantive quality of women. Using a series of questions, the Assessment guides you through an examination of the most critical constitutional issues that affect women’s rights and gender equality. 

This Constitutional Design Primer from International IDEA addresses the role of language in constitutional design, and the key considerations that arise in multilingual states.

This Constitutional Brief from International IDEA surveys comparative constitutional practice relating to the minorities within minorities challenge – that is, the protection of minorities within constituent units in multi-level governance systems.